Serum Copper

Currently, there is  no specific biomarker for copper deficiency. Blood levels of copper in conjunction with ceruloplasmin levels are reduced only in severe copper-deficiency scenarios. Both of these indices are affected by pregnancy and may be less useful in detecting deficiencies. 

In this article learn how maternal physiology affects serum copper values. 

Serum Copper Testing

The copper, total test measures the total amount of copper present in a blood sample from all sources, free and bound. It is a single indice.

Free copper levels are calculated like this:
Total Serum Copper (µg/dL) − [3.15 × Ceruloplasmin (mg/dL)]
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Copper is a dietary mineral and element on the periodic table that is essential as a cofactor for cuproenzymes that catalyze oxidation reactions. 95% of total serum copper is found as ceruloplasmin. Only small amounts of copper are stored in the body, with the average person having a storage of between 50 and 120 mg, mostly in the skeleton and muscles. 

Serum Copper in Pregnancy

Serum copper levels double preconception levels by full term, with significant increases seen at approximately 22, 27, and 35 weeks of gestation. Levels decrease during the first stage of labor. 

Serum copper levels drop significantly in the first week postpartum, averaging 25% for peak pregnancy levels. The decrease in copper levels continues to reach prepregnancy levels by six weeks postpartum. 

High Serum Copper in Pregnancy

There is limited data on the application of this indice in pregnancy.

Most Common Causes of High Copper in Pregnancy

• Certain Medications (Long Term Oral Contraceptive Use Prior to Conception)
• Excess Copper Supplementation
• Contaminated Water/Copper Pipes
• Hemolysis
• Infections/Inflammation
• Genetics

Low Serum Copper in Pregnancy

In pregnancies that present with recurrent miscarriage, preterm labor, spontaneous pregnancy loss, and premature rupture of membranes, copper levels are measurably lower than those of normal pregnancies. 

Serum copper levels <108 in the first trimester, <130 in the second trimester, and <171 in the third trimester are associated with negative pregnancy outcomes. 

Most Common Causes of Low Copper in Pregnancy

• Excess Zinc Supplementation
• Low Protein Diet
• Excess Vitamin C supplementation
• Previous Gastric Bypass Surgery
• Iron Overload/Hemochromatosis
• Hypothyroidism
• Elevated Cortisol
• Copper Deficient Diet
• Genetics

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Medical Disclaimer:
This content is for educational purposes only and is intended for licensed medical professionals. It is based on current research, subject to change, and not intended to diagnose, treat, or prevent any medical condition. This information does not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare provider. Seek professional medical evaluation and treatment from a licensed provider. Use of this information is at your own risk.​

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