Globulin

​Globulins are a group of blood proteins that affect immune function, nutrient transport, and blood clotting. They are divided into several types, including alpha, beta, and gamma globulins, each with specific functions. Monitoring globulin levels during pregnancy can provide insights into immune health and nutritional status in pregnancy.

Globulin Testing

The serum globulin blood test measures the total concentration of globulin proteins in the serum. It is an analyte found on the comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). Globulins comprise 40% of total proteins found in the blood. 

Globulins can be further divided into different subclasses, alpha-globulins, beta-globulins, and gamma-globulins. 

Alpha-Globulins:

• Ceruloplasmin
  
• Haptoglobin
  
• Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG)

Beta-Globulins: 

• C-reactive protein (CRP)
  
• Complement components C3, C4, C5
  
• Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
  
• Transferrin

Gamma-Globulins: Gamma-globulins, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), 

Globulin in Pregnancy

Serum globulin increases after 20 weeks gestation through the later second and third trimesters. This increase helps to offset the decrease in albumin and helps to maintain serum protein at a constant level.

Alpha- and beta-globulins begin to increase in the first trimester and increase more significantly in the second and third trimesters. 

​More research has been done on the individual globulin fractions as biomarkers of pregnancy disease than on total serum globulin.

High Globulin in Pregnancy

​High serum globulin levels are seen in women with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG).

Most Common Causes of High Globulin in Pregnancy

• Dehydration
• Stress
• Infection/Inflammation
• Liver Disease/Inflammation
• Oxidative Stress
• Autoimmune Disease
• Nutritional Deficiencies (vitamin D, zinc)

Low Globulin in Pregnancy

​True identification of underlying causes may require additional testing of individual globulin subtypes based on other labs and symptoms.

Most Common Causes of Low Globulin in Pregnancy

• Hypothyroidism
• Oxidative Stress/Inflammation
• Low Protein Diet
• Autoimmune Disease
• Nutritional Deficiencies (vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin D, copper, selenium)

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Medical Disclaimer:
This content is for educational purposes only and is intended for licensed medical professionals. It is based on current research, subject to change, and not intended to diagnose, treat, or prevent any medical condition. This information does not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare provider. Seek professional medical evaluation and treatment from a licensed provider. Use of this information is at your own risk.​

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