Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT)

Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT) is an enzyme primarily found in the liver, and its levels can indicate liver function and overall metabolic health. Since pregnancy naturally shifts liver function, understanding GGT’s role and reference ranges during this time may help assess liver function. 

GGT Testing

A gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) test measures the levels of GGT enzyme in the blood. 

GGT is primarily found in the liver, bile ducts, and kidneys, with smaller amounts in other tissues and the highest concentrations in the liver. GGT cleaves the gamma-glutamyl bond in glutathione, releasing the amino acid cysteine. GGT's breakdown of glutathione recycles its constituent amino acids (glutamate, cysteine, and glycine), ensuring the availability of these amino acids for the synthesis of new glutathione molecules.

​Currently there is not enough data to recommend adjusted ranges from the current accepted ranges in pregnancy. 

GGT in Pregnancy

GGT levels decrease throughout pregnancy, often masking liver damage, or only slightly elevating in cases of liver damage. The decrease in GGT is more pronounced in the second and third trimesters.

High GGT in Pregnancy

​A GGT level >26.9 IU/L in the early second trimester may indicate an increased risk of developing GDM.

Most Common Causes of High GGT in Pregnancy

• Liver Damage/Inflammation
• Oxidative Stress
• Gallstones/Impaired Bile Flow
• Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP)
• Hyperthyroidism
• Iron Overload/Hemochromatosis
• Certain Medications (NSAIDs, Antibiotics, Antiepileptic Medications)
• Latent Viral Infections
• Environmental Chemical Exposure
• Selenium Deficiency

​While GGT is involved in the metabolism of glutathione glutathione metabolism, it is not considered a direct biomarker of glutathione levels in the body. GGT activity may indirectly influence glutathione levels by altering its turnover rate.

Low GGT in Pregnancy

​There is limited data on the consequences of low GGT in pregnancy,

Most Common Causes of Low GGT in Pregnancy

• Hypothyroidism
• Low Protein Diet
• Nutritional Deficiencies (vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), magnesium, zinc)
• Genetics

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Medical Disclaimer:
This content is for educational purposes only and is intended for licensed medical professionals. It is based on current research, subject to change, and not intended to diagnose, treat, or prevent any medical condition. This information does not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare provider. Seek professional medical evaluation and treatment from a licensed provider. Use of this information is at your own risk.​

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